{"id":5356,"date":"2026-07-28T08:53:43","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T08:53:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zhuohengextruder.com\/?page_id=5356"},"modified":"2026-07-28T09:11:31","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T09:11:31","slug":"extrusion-expansion-ratio-calculator","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/zhuohengextruder.com\/ru\/extrusion-expansion-ratio-calculator\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n Extrusion Expansion Ratio Calculator<\/title>\r\n <style>\r\n \/* Reset & Container Setup *\/\r\n .zhuoheng-calc-wrapper * {\r\n box-sizing: border-box;\r\n font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, \"Segoe UI\", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .zhuoheng-calc-wrapper {\r\n max-width: 800px;\r\n margin: 20px auto;\r\n border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;\r\n border-radius: 12px;\r\n overflow: hidden;\r\n background-color: #ffffff;\r\n box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* 1. Header Area: Blue Background, White Text *\/\r\n .calc-header {\r\n background-color: #0b5ed7;\r\n color: #ffffff;\r\n padding: 32px 24px;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .calc-header h1 {\r\n margin: 0 0 10px 0;\r\n font-size: 26px;\r\n font-weight: 700;\r\n color: #ffffff;\r\n line-height: 1.3;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .calc-header p {\r\n margin: 0;\r\n font-size: 14px;\r\n color: #e0eafc;\r\n line-height: 1.5;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* 2. Form Body *\/\r\n .calc-body {\r\n padding: 28px 24px;\r\n background-color: #f8fafc;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .calc-grid {\r\n display: grid;\r\n grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr));\r\n gap: 20px;\r\n margin-bottom: 24px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .input-group {\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .input-group label {\r\n font-size: 13px;\r\n font-weight: 600;\r\n color: #1e293b;\r\n margin-bottom: 6px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .input-control-wrap {\r\n display: flex;\r\n border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;\r\n border-radius: 6px;\r\n overflow: hidden;\r\n background: #ffffff;\r\n transition: border-color 0.2s ease;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .input-control-wrap:focus-within {\r\n border-color: #0b5ed7;\r\n box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(11, 94, 215, 0.15);\r\n }\r\n\r\n .input-control-wrap input {\r\n flex: 1;\r\n border: none;\r\n padding: 10px 12px;\r\n font-size: 15px;\r\n outline: none;\r\n color: #0f172a;\r\n width: 100%;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .input-control-wrap select {\r\n border: none;\r\n border-left: 1px solid #e2e8f0;\r\n background-color: #f1f5f9;\r\n padding: 0 10px;\r\n font-size: 13px;\r\n color: #475569;\r\n outline: none;\r\n cursor: pointer;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Buttons Style *\/\r\n .calc-btn-group {\r\n display: flex;\r\n gap: 12px;\r\n margin-top: 8px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Blue Buttons, White Text *\/\r\n .btn-blue {\r\n flex: 1;\r\n background-color: #0b5ed7;\r\n color: #ffffff;\r\n border: none;\r\n padding: 12px 20px;\r\n font-size: 15px;\r\n font-weight: 600;\r\n border-radius: 6px;\r\n cursor: pointer;\r\n transition: background-color 0.2s ease, transform 0.1s ease;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .btn-blue:hover {\r\n background-color: #0a58ca;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .btn-blue:active {\r\n transform: scale(0.99);\r\n }\r\n\r\n .btn-outline-blue {\r\n background-color: #ffffff;\r\n color: #0b5ed7;\r\n border: 1px solid #0b5ed7;\r\n padding: 12px 20px;\r\n font-size: 15px;\r\n font-weight: 600;\r\n border-radius: 6px;\r\n cursor: pointer;\r\n transition: all 0.2s ease;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .btn-outline-blue:hover {\r\n background-color: #eff6ff;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Results Section *\/\r\n .calc-results-zone {\r\n margin-top: 28px;\r\n padding-top: 24px;\r\n border-top: 2px dashed #e2e8f0;\r\n display: none; \/* Dynamic Display *\/\r\n }\r\n\r\n .results-grid {\r\n display: grid;\r\n grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(200px, 1fr));\r\n gap: 16px;\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .result-card {\r\n background: #ffffff;\r\n border: 1px solid #bfdbfe;\r\n border-radius: 8px;\r\n padding: 16px;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .result-card .res-title {\r\n font-size: 12px;\r\n font-weight: 600;\r\n text-transform: uppercase;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.5px;\r\n color: #475569;\r\n margin-bottom: 6px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .result-card .res-value {\r\n font-size: 24px;\r\n font-weight: 700;\r\n color: #0b5ed7;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .result-card .res-unit {\r\n font-size: 12px;\r\n color: #64748b;\r\n margin-top: 2px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* CTA Section: Yellow Background, Purple Text *\/\r\n .cta-wrapper {\r\n margin-top: 24px;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .btn-cta-yellow {\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n width: 100%;\r\n background-color: #ffc107;\r\n color: #4a154b; \/* Deep Purple *\/\r\n font-weight: 700;\r\n font-size: 16px;\r\n padding: 14px 24px;\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n border-radius: 6px;\r\n border: none;\r\n box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(255, 193, 7, 0.3);\r\n transition: all 0.2s ease;\r\n box-sizing: border-box;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .btn-cta-yellow:hover {\r\n background-color: #ffca2c;\r\n color: #300d32;\r\n transform: translateY(-1px);\r\n box-shadow: 0 6px 16px rgba(255, 193, 7, 0.4);\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Disclaimer Styling *\/\r\n .disclaimer-text {\r\n font-size: 12px;\r\n color: #64748b;\r\n line-height: 1.5;\r\n margin-top: 16px;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n padding: 0 10px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n @media (max-width: 600px) {\r\n .calc-btn-group {\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n }\r\n .calc-header h1 {\r\n font-size: 22px;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n <\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"zhuoheng-calc-wrapper\">\r\n <!-- 1. Header Zone -->\r\n <div class=\"calc-header\">\r\n <h1>\u041a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438<\/h1>\r\n <p>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0434\u0443,\u0443\u044f\u0435\u0438\u044b\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u044d\u043e\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043e\u0446\u0432 \u0435 \u043a\u043a\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0435,\u0442\u0441\u044b\u0430 \u0438\u0430\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0430\u044f\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0444\u0445\u043d\u0436\u0434 \u043c\u043f\u0445\u0435\u043d\u0448\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u043d\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0445\u043d\u044d\u0442\u0434\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0447\u0443 \u0445\u0431 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u043a \u043d\u043b\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0444\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0448\u043c\u044b\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0441 \u0438\u0430\u0436\u0442\u044a\u043f\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043b \u0441\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u043e\u043d \u0432 \u0445\u043a\u0451\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0438\u043e\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- 2. Main Tool Body -->\r\n <div class=\"calc-body\">\r\n <form id=\"expansionForm\" action=\"\">\r\n <div class=\"calc-grid\">\r\n \r\n <div class=\"input-group\">\r\n <label for=\"dieDiameter\">\u0414\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0438<\/label>\r\n <div class=\"input-control-wrap\">\r\n <input type=\"number\" id=\"dieDiameter\" step=\"any\" placeholder=\"\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, 3,0\" value=\"3.0\" required>\r\n <select id=\"dieUnit\">\r\n <option value=\"mm\" selected>\u043c\u043c<\/option>\r\n <option value=\"in\">\u0432<\/option>\r\n <\/select>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"input-group\">\r\n <label for=\"productDiameter\">\u0414\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f<\/label>\r\n <div class=\"input-control-wrap\">\r\n <input type=\"number\" id=\"productDiameter\" step=\"any\" placeholder=\"\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, 12,0\" value=\"12.0\" required>\r\n <select id=\"productUnit\">\r\n <option value=\"mm\" selected>\u043c\u043c<\/option>\r\n <option value=\"in\">\u0432<\/option>\r\n <\/select>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"input-group\">\r\n <label for=\"meltDensity\">\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/label>\r\n <div class=\"input-control-wrap\">\r\n <input type=\"number\" id=\"meltDensity\" step=\"any\" placeholder=\"\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, 450\" value=\"450\" required>\r\n <select id=\"meltDensityUnit\">\r\n <option value=\"g_l\" selected>\u0433\/\u043b<\/option>\r\n <option value=\"lb_ft3\">\u0444\u0443\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u0442<\/option>\r\n <\/select>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"input-group\">\r\n <label for=\"productDensity\">\u041d\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043f\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/label>\r\n <div class=\"input-control-wrap\">\r\n <input type=\"number\" id=\"productDensity\" step=\"any\" placeholder=\"\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, 60\" value=\"60\" required>\r\n <select id=\"productDensityUnit\">\r\n <option value=\"g_l\" selected>\u0433\/\u043b<\/option>\r\n <option value=\"lb_ft3\">\u0444\u0443\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u0442<\/option>\r\n <\/select>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- Action Buttons -->\r\n <div class=\"calc-btn-group\">\r\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"btn-blue\" onclick=\"calculateExpansion()\">\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b<\/button>\r\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"btn-outline-blue\" onclick=\"resetCalculator()\">\u0421\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443<\/button>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"ru\"\/><\/form>\r\n\r\n <!-- 4. Results Zone -->\r\n <div class=\"calc-results-zone\" id=\"resultsZone\">\r\n <div class=\"results-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"result-card\">\r\n <div class=\"res-title\">\u041a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"res-value\" id=\"diameterRatioVal\">0.00<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"res-unit\">(\u0414\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u00f7 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b)<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"result-card\">\r\n <div class=\"res-title\">\u041a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"res-value\" id=\"volumetricRatioVal\">0.00<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"res-unit\">(\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u00f7 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438)<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"result-card\">\r\n <div class=\"res-title\">\u0421\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"res-value\" id=\"densityReductionVal\">0.0%<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"res-unit\">(\u0421\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438)<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- CTA Button -->\r\n <div class=\"cta-wrapper\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/zhuohengextruder.com\/ru\/contact\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"btn-cta-yellow\">\r\n \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c\r\n <\/a>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- 3. Disclaimer -->\r\n <div class=\"disclaimer-text\">\r\n \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0433\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n function calculateExpansion() {\r\n \/\/ Inputs & Units\r\n let die = parseFloat(document.getElementById('dieDiameter').value);\r\n const dieUnit = document.getElementById('dieUnit').value;\r\n \r\n let prod = parseFloat(document.getElementById('productDiameter').value);\r\n const prodUnit = document.getElementById('productUnit').value;\r\n\r\n let meltD = parseFloat(document.getElementById('meltDensity').value);\r\n const meltDUnit = document.getElementById('meltDensityUnit').value;\r\n\r\n let prodD = parseFloat(document.getElementById('productDensity').value);\r\n const prodDUnit = document.getElementById('productDensityUnit').value;\r\n\r\n \/\/ Basic numerical validation\r\n if (isNaN(die) || isNaN(prod) || isNaN(meltD) || isNaN(prodD) || die <= 0 || prod <= 0 || meltD <= 0 || prodD <= 0) {\r\n alert(\"Please enter valid positive numbers for all parameters.\");\r\n return;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/\/ Standardize Dimensions to mm\r\n if (dieUnit === 'in') die = die * 25.4;\r\n if (prodUnit === 'in') prod = prod * 25.4;\r\n\r\n \/\/ Standardize Densities to g\/L\r\n if (meltDUnit === 'lb_ft3') meltD = meltD * 16.0185;\r\n if (prodDUnit === 'lb_ft3') prodD = prodD * 16.0185;\r\n\r\n \/\/ Engineering Logic Validation\r\n if (prodD >= meltD) {\r\n alert(\"Final product density should normally be lower than unexpanded density for expanded extrudates.\");\r\n return;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/\/ Calculations\r\n \/\/ 1. Diameter Expansion Ratio = Product Diameter \/ Die Diameter\r\n const diameterExpansionRatio = prod \/ die;\r\n\r\n \/\/ 2. Volumetric Expansion Ratio = Unexpanded Density \/ Final Product Density\r\n const volumetricRatio = meltD \/ prodD;\r\n\r\n \/\/ 3. Density Reduction Percentage\r\n const densityReduction = ((meltD - prodD) \/ meltD) * 100;\r\n\r\n \/\/ Display Results\r\n document.getElementById('diameterRatioVal').innerText = diameterExpansionRatio.toFixed(2) + 'x';\r\n document.getElementById('volumetricRatioVal').innerText = volumetricRatio.toFixed(2) + 'x';\r\n document.getElementById('densityReductionVal').innerText = (densityReduction > 0 ? densityReduction.toFixed(1) : '0.0') + '%';\r\n\r\n document.getElementById('resultsZone').style.display = 'block';\r\n }\r\n\r\n function resetCalculator() {\r\n document.getElementById('expansionForm').reset();\r\n document.getElementById('resultsZone').style.display = 'none';\r\n }\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a58f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2a58f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Featured Puffed Snack Food Equipment Banner -->\r\n<div class=\"zh-product-card\">\r\n <div class=\"zh-product-info\">\r\n <span class=\"zh-product-badge\">\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u00bb<\/span>\r\n <h3 class=\"zh-product-title\">\u041b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/h3>\r\n <p class=\"zh-product-desc\">\r\n \u041e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Zhuoheng \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u043f\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0442 100 \u043a\u0433\/\u0447 \u0434\u043e 1 500 \u043a\u0433\/\u0447.\r\n <\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/zhuohengextruder.com\/ru\/Extruder-Machine\/puffed-food-machine\/\" class=\"zh-product-btn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\r\n \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u2192\r\n <\/a>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-095faef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"095faef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-path-to-node=\"6\">\u041a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438: \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b<\/h2><p data-path-to-node=\"7\">\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u044b\u0431 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0430 (TVP), \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8\">\u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c-\u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p><h2 data-path-to-node=\"10\">\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438?<\/h2><p data-path-to-node=\"11\">\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u043c\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u044f\u0447\u0435\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"12\">\u0421\u0430\u0439\u0442 <b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"4\">\u041a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/b> \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438:<\/p><ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"13\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"13,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"13,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u041a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"E_d\" data-index-in-node=\"26\">\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435, \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043c\u043d\u0435<\/span>):<\/b> \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"13,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"13,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u041a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"E_v\" data-index-in-node=\"28\">\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d-\u0434\u0432\u0430-\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435-\u043a-\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443-\u0434\u0432\u0430-\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435-\u043a<\/span>):<\/b> \u041f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0430.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h2 data-path-to-node=\"15\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438?<\/h2><p data-path-to-node=\"16\">\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0413\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u041c\u0438\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0420\u0438\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c):<\/p><h3 data-path-to-node=\"17\">1. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430<\/h3><div data-path-to-node=\"18\"><div class=\"math-block\" data-math=\"\\text{Diameter Expansion Ratio } (E_d) = \\frac{D_{\\text{extrudate}}}{D_{\\text{die}}}\">$$\\text{\u041a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443 } (E_d) = \\frac{D_{\\text{\u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0442}}}{D_{\\text{\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430}}}$$<\/div><\/div><ul data-path-to-node=\"19\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"19,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"19,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"D_{\\text{extrudate}}\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">$D_{\\text{\u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435}}$<\/span>:<\/b> \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f (\u043c\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c\u044b).<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"19,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"19,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"D_{\\text{die}}\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">$D_{\\text{die}}$<\/span>:<\/b> \u0414\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b (\u043c\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c\u044b).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-path-to-node=\"20\"><i data-path-to-node=\"20\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:<\/i> \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 <b data-path-to-node=\"20\" data-index-in-node=\"37\">3,0 \u043c\u043c<\/b> \u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 <b data-path-to-node=\"20\" data-index-in-node=\"75\">12,0 \u043c\u043c<\/b>, \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 <b data-path-to-node=\"20\" data-index-in-node=\"116\">4,00x<\/b>.<\/p><h3 data-path-to-node=\"21\">2. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h3><div data-path-to-node=\"22\"><div class=\"math-block\" data-math=\"\\text{Volumetric Expansion Ratio } (E_v) = \\frac{\\rho_{\\text{unexpanded}}}{\\rho_{\\text{final}}}\">$$\\text{\u041a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f } (E_v) = \\frac{\\rho_{\\text{\u0434\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f}}}{\\rho_{\\text{\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439}}}$$<\/div><\/div><ul data-path-to-node=\"23\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"23,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"23,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\rho_{\\text{unexpanded}}\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">$\\rho_{\\text{\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0435}}$<\/span>:<\/b> \u041f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b (\u0433\/\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0442\/\u043a\u0443\u0431. \u0444\u0443\u0442).<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"23,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"23,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\rho_{\\text{final}}\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">$\\rho_{\\text{final}}$<\/span>:<\/b> \u041d\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043f\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f (\u0433\/\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0442\/\u043a\u0443\u0431. \u0444\u0443\u0442).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-path-to-node=\"24\"><i data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:<\/i> \u0415\u0441\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0434\u043e\u043e\u043d\u0432\u043f\u0433 \u0442\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0435\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0448\u0440 \u044d\u043d\u043b\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043e\u0440\u043e \u0443\u044f\u0435\u0442 <b data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"48\">450 \u0433\/\u043b<\/b> \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043f\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e <b data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"100\">60 \u0433\/\u043b<\/b>, \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 <b data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"142\">7,50x<\/b>.<\/p><h3 data-path-to-node=\"25\">3. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/h3><div data-path-to-node=\"26\"><div class=\"math-block\" data-math=\"\\text{Density Reduction } (\\%) = \\left( 1 - \\frac{\\rho_{\\text{final}}}{\\rho_{\\text{unexpanded}}} \\right) \\times 100\">$$\\text{\u0421\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 } (\\%) = \\left( 1 \u2013 \\frac{\\rho_{\\text{\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f}}}{\\rho_{\\text{\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f}}} \\right) \\times 100$$<\/div><\/div><p data-path-to-node=\"27\">\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0447\u0435\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><h2 data-path-to-node=\"29\">\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/h2><p data-path-to-node=\"30\">\u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438:<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"31\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"31,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"31,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u0422\u0438\u043f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/b> \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u044d\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0437\u044b.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"31,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"31,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0435:<\/b> \u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a \u044f\u0447\u0435\u0435\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"31,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"31,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438:<\/b> \u0412\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438. \u0423\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"31,3,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"31,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u0423\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f (SME):<\/b> \u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0430.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-path-to-node=\"33\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2><p data-path-to-node=\"34\">\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438:<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"35\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"35,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"35,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b:<\/b> \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0442\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"35,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"35,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u0417\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/b> \u041e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0443 \u043a\u0443\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a, \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0448\u0435\u043a.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"35,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"35,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043a (TVP):<\/b> \u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e, \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0430.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-path-to-node=\"37\">\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b (FAQ)<\/h2><h3 data-path-to-node=\"38\">\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043c?<\/h3><p data-path-to-node=\"39\">\u0426\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043e\u0442 3x \u0434\u043e 6x+), \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u044b\u0431 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><h3 data-path-to-node=\"40\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438?<\/h3><p data-path-to-node=\"41\">\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u044f\u0447\u0435\u0435\u043a.<\/p><h3 data-path-to-node=\"42\">\u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430?<\/h3><p data-path-to-node=\"43\">\u041d\u0435\u0442. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/p><h2 data-path-to-node=\"45\">\u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f?<\/h2><p data-path-to-node=\"46\">\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"47\">\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443 <b data-path-to-node=\"47\" 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